PTV SPORT LIVE STREAMING

             PTV SPORTS
                                      ( UNITY,FAITH,DISCIPLINE)

(Ptv sports)

                                    

PTV Sports is the first Pakistani state Government owned Sports TV Channel Devoted to promote and broadcast Sports events and activities  in Pakistan. PTV Sports is 24-hour seven days a week Sports channel. Basic activity is to promote pakistani sports events but it aims to be the leader in Sports Tv Channels. PTV Sports commenced test Broadcasting on 30th of December, 2011.

PTV Sports is owned and operated by  Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV).  PTV is the Very First Television Channel in Pakistan. The Frequency of PTV Sports is Asia Sat 3S at an orbit of 105.5ºE. The inauguration ceremony of PTV Sports was held at PTV Center Islamabad on January 11th, 2012. Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani was the Chief guest of the inauguration ceremony.

PTV Sports began broadcasting live cricket matches on PTV Sports on Asia Cup 2012. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Bangladesh were playing to get the status of Asia’s No.1 Team. Pakistan Won the title by beating bangladesh in The Final at Dhaka. PTV Sports matches can be seen on  Live Streaming website  while cricket highlights can be seen onCricket Highlights.

if YOU want to watch online match streaming then click here:ptv sport online

elements of chemical

Here's a list of chemical elements ordered by increasing atomic number. The names and element symbols are provided.

1 - H - Hydrogen2 - He - Helium
3 - Li - Lithium4 - Be - Beryllium5 - B - Boron6 - C - Carbon7 - N - Nitrogen8 - O - Oxygen9 - F - Fluorine10 - Ne - Neon11 - Na - Sodium12 - Mg - Magnesium13 - Al - Aluminum, Aluminium14 - Si - Silicon15 - P - Phosphorus16 - S - Sulfur17 - Cl - Chlorine18 - Ar - Argon19 - K - Potassium20 - Ca - Calcium21 - Sc - Scandium22 - Ti - Titanium23 - V - Vanadium24 - Cr - Chromium25 - Mn - Manganese26 - Fe - Iron27 - Co - Cobalt28 - Ni - Nickel29 - Cu - Copper30 - Zn - Zinc31 - Ga - Gallium32 - Ge - Germanium33 - As - Arsenic34 - Se - Selenium35 - Br - Bromine36 - Kr - Krypton37 - Rb - Rubidium38 - Sr - Strontium39 - Y - Yttrium40 - Zr - Zirconium41 - Nb - Niobium42 - Mo - Molybdenum43 - Tc - Technetium44 - Ru - Ruthenium45 - Rh - Rhodium46 - Pd - Palladium47 - Ag - Silver48 - Cd - Cadmium49 - In - Indium50 - Sn - Tin51 - Sb - Antimony52 - Te - Tellurium53 - I - Iodine54 - Xe - Xenon55 - Cs - Cesium56 - Ba - Barium57 - La - Lanthanum58 - Ce - Cerium59 - Pr - Praseodymium60 - Nd - Neodymium61 - Pm - Promethium62 - Sm - Samarium63 - Eu - Europium64 - Gd - Gadolinium65 - Tb - Terbium66 - Dy - Dysprosium67 - Ho - Holmium68 - Er - Erbium69 - Tm - Thulium70 - Yb - Ytterbium71 - Lu - Lutetium72 - Hf - Hafnium73 - Ta - Tantalum74 - W - Tungsten75 - Re - Rhenium76 - Os - Osmium77 - Ir - Iridium78 - Pt - Platinum79 - Au - Gold80 - Hg - Mercury81 - Tl - Thallium82 - Pb - Lead83 - Bi - Bismuth84 - Po - Polonium85 - At - Astatine86 - Rn - Radon87 - Fr - Francium88 - Ra - Radium89 - Ac - Actinium90 - Th - Thorium91 - Pa - Protactinium92 - U - Uranium93 - Np - Neptunium94 - Pu - Plutonium95 - Am - Americium96 - Cm - Curium97 - Bk - Berkelium98 - Cf - Californium99 - Es - Einsteinium100 - Fm - Fermium101 - Md - Mendelevium102 - No - Nobelium103 - Lr - Lawrencium104 - Rf - Rutherfordium105 - Db - Dubnium106 - Sg - Seaborgium107 - Bh - Bohrium108 - Hs - Hassium109 - Mt - Meitnerium110 - Ds - Darmstadtium111 - Rg - Roentgenium112 - Cn - Copernicium113 - Uut - Ununtrium114 - Fl - Flerovium115 - Uup - Ununpentium116 - Lv - Livermorium117 - Uus - Ununseptium118 - Uuo - Ununoctium

NEWTON'S HISTORY

Newton was an English physicist and mathematician, and the greatest scientist of his era.

MR NEWTON

Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643 in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire. His father was a prosperous farmer, who died three months before Newton was born. His mother remarried and Newton was left in the care of his grandparents. In 1661, he went to Cambridge University where he became interested in mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. In October 1665, a plague epidemic forced the university to close and Newton returned to Woolsthorpe. The two years he spent there were an extremely fruitful time during which he began to think about gravity. He also devoted time to optics and mathematics, working out his ideas about 'fluxions' (calculus).

In 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge, where he became a fellow of Trinity College. Two years later he was appointed second Lucasian professor of mathematics. It was Newton's reflecting telescope, made in 1668, that finally brought him to the attention of the scientific community and in 1672 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society. From the mid-1660s, Newton conducted a series of experiments on the composition of light, discovering that white light is composed of the same system of colours that can be seen in a rainbow and establishing the modern study of optics (or the behaviour of light). In 1704, Newton published 'The Opticks' which dealt with light and colour. He also studied and published works on history, theology and alchemy.

In 1687, with the support of his friend the astronomer Edmond Halley, Newton published his single greatest work, the 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' ('Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'). This showed how a universal force, gravity, applied to all objects in all parts of the universe.

In 1689, Newton was elected member of parliament for Cambridge University (1689 - 1690 and 1701 - 1702). In 1696,Newton was appointed warden of the Royal Mint, settling in London. He took his duties at the Mint very seriously and campaigned against corruption and inefficiency within the organisation. In 1703, he was elected president of the Royal Society, an office he held until his death. He was knighted in 1705.

Newton was a difficult man, prone to depression and often involved in bitter arguments with other scientists, but by the early 1700s he was the dominant figure in British and European science. He died on 31 March 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

best inventions of Albert Einstein

• Occupation: Scientist and Inventor
• Born: March 14,1879 Ulm, in Germany
• Died: 18 April 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey
• Best known for: Theory of Relativity and E=mc2

Biography: 

Albert Einstein was a scientist in the early 1900s. He came up with some of the most important discoveries and theories in all of science. Some people consider him to be one of the smartest people of the 20th century. His face and name are often used as the picture or description of the consummate scientist. Read here to learn more about Albert Einstein; what he was like and what discoveries and inventions he made. 

Where did Einstein grow up? 

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. He spent most of his childhood in Munich, Germany. His father had an electronics company and Albert learned a lot about science and electronics from his dad. He really liked math and wanted to pursue math and science in school. He didn't finish school in Germany, but ended up his schooling in Switzerland. Einstein would later move back to Bern, Germany and work in the patent office. 

Was Albert Einstein a US citizen? 
Albert immigrated to the United States in 1933. He was fleeing from the Nazis inGermany who didn't like Jewish people. If he had stayed in Germany he would not have been able to hold a teaching position at the University as a Jewish person. At one point the Nazis had a bounty on his head. In 1940 Einstein became a US citizen. 

E=mc² and Einstein's Theory of Relativity 

Albert Einstein had many discoveries as a scientist, but is most known for his Theory of Relativity. This theory changed much in the way scientists look at the world and set the foundation for many modern inventions, including the nuclear bomb and nuclear energy. One equation from the theory is E=mc². In this formula, "c" is the speed of light and is a constant. It is assumed to be the fastest speed possible in the universe. This formula explains how energy (E) is related to mass (m). The Theory of Relativity explained a lot of how time and distance may change due to the "relative" or different speed of the object and the observer. 

What other discoveries is Albert Einstein noted for? 
Albert Einstein laid much of the foundation for modern physics. Some other of his discoveries include: 

Photons - In 1905 Einstein came up with the concept that light is made up of particles called photons. Most scientists of his day didn't agree, but later experiments in 1919 showed this to be the case. This became an important discovery for many branches of science and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. 

Bose-Einstein Condensate - Together with another scientist, Satyendra Bose, Einstien discovered another state of matter. Sort of like liquid or gas or solid states. Today this discovery is used in cool stuff like lasers and superconductors. 

Einstein wrote many papers which included theories and models that would help define and move forward our understanding of the world and particularly quantum physics. Some of his work included subjects from a model for a wormhole to the Einstein refrigerator. 

The Atomic Bomb 
Albert Einstein did not work directly on inventing the Atomic bomb, but his name is closely associated with the bomb. This is because his scientific work and discoveries were key in the bomb's development, specifically his work on energy and mass and his famous equation: E=mc2. 
Fun Facts about Albert Einstein

• Albert experienced speech problems as a child. His parents were worried that he wasn't very smart!
• He failed his first try on his entrance exam for college (this gives u all hope!).
• He was offered the presidency of Israel.
• He auctioned off a hand written version of his Theory of Relativity in 1940 for 6 million dollars in order to help with the war effort.
• Albert had a sister named Maja.
• further information click here

INDEPENDENT DAY

                         ( HAPPY INDEPENDENT DAY)

                                                                         آزادی مبارک ھو۔            

All countries with capital,language & currency list

   ALL COUNTRIES WITH CAPITAL,LANGUAGE &                                          CURRENCY

Flag	Name	Capital	Currency	Official language
	Algeria	Algiers	Dinar	Arabic
	Angola	Luanda	Kwanza	Portuguese
	Benin	Porto-Novo (official) Cotonou (seat of government)	CFA franc	French
	Botswana	Gaborone	Pula	English Setswana
	Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou	CFA franc	French
	Burundi	Bujumbura	Rupie	Kirundi French
	Cameroon	Yaoundé	CFA franc	French English
	Cape Verde	Praia	Cape Verdean escudo	Portuguese
	Central African Republic	Bangui	CFA franc	French Sango
	Chad	N'Djamena	CFA franc	French Arabic
	Comoros	Moroni	Comorian franc	Comorian Arabic French
	Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)	Brazzaville	CFA franc	French
	Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)	Yamoussoukro (official) Abidjan (seat of government)	CFA franc	French
	Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)	Kinshasa	Congolese franc	French
	Djibouti	Djibouti	Djiboutian franc	French Arabic
	Egypt	Cairo	Egyptian pound	Arabic
	Equatorial Guinea	Malabo	Equatorial Guinean peseta	Spanish French Portuguese
	Eritrea	Asmara	Tallero	Tigrinya Arabic English
	Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	Birr	Amharic
	Gabon	Libreville	CFA franc	French
	Gambia	Banjul	Gambian dalasi	English
	Ghana	Accra	Ghana cedi	English
	Guinea	Conakry	Guinean franc	French
	Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	CFA franc	Portuguese
	Kenya	Nairobi	Kenyan shilling	Swahili English
	Lesotho	Maseru	Lesotho loti	English Sesotho
	Liberia	Monrovia	Liberian dollar	English
	Libya	Tripoli	Dinar	Arabic
	Madagascar	Antananarivo	Malagasy ariary	Malagasy French
	Malawi	Lilongwe	Kwacha	English Chichewa
	Mali	Bamako	CFA franc	French
	Mauritania	Nouakchott	Ouguiya	Arabic
	Mauritius	Port Louis	Mauritian rupee	Mauritian Creole French English
	Mayotte	Mamoudzou Overseas department of France	Euro	French
	Morocco	Rabat	Moroccan dirham	Arabic Berber
	Mozambique	Maputo	Mozambican metical	Portuguese
	Namibia	Windhoek	Namibian dollar	English
	Niger	Niamey	CFA franc	French
	Nigeria	Abuja	Naira	English
	Réunion	Saint-Denis Overseas department of France	Euro	French
	Rwanda	Kigali	Rwandan franc	Kinyarwanda English French
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	Jamestown (Saint Helena) Georgetown (Ascension Island) Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan da Cunha)	Saint Helena pound Pound sterling	English
	Sao Tome and Principe	São Tomé	Dobra	Portuguese
	Senegal	Dakar	CFA franc	French
	Seychelles	Victoria	Seychellois rupee	Seychellois Creole French English
	Sierra Leone	Freetown	Leone	English
	Somalia	Mogadishu	Somali shilling	Somali Arabic
	Somaliland	Hargeisa	Somaliland shilling	Somali Arabic
	South Africa	Pretoria (administrative/executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial)	South African rand	Afrikaans English Southern Ndebele Northern Sotho Southern Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu
	South Sudan	Juba	South Sudanese pound	English
	Sudan	Khartoum	Sudanese pound	Arabic English
	Swaziland	Mbabane (administrative) Lobamba (royal and legislative)	Lilangeni	English Swati
	Tanzania	Dodoma (official) Dar es Salaam (seat of government)	Tanzanian shilling	Swahili English
	Togo	Lomé	CFA franc	French
	Tunisia	Tunis	Tunisian dinar	Arabic
	Uganda	Kampala	Ugandan shilling	Swahili English Luganda
None	Western Sahara	None Disputed territory between  Morocco and the  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Moroccan dirham Algerian dinar Mauritanian ouguiya	See respective claimants
	Zambia	Lusaka	Zambian kwacha	English
	Zimbabwe	Harare	various	English Shona Sindebele

Asia[edit]

Asia

Area	44,579,000 km2(17,212,000 sq mi)[7]
Population	5,879,000,000 (1st)[8]
Pop. density	87/km2 (225/sq mi)
Countries	48 (list of countries)
Languages	List of languages
Time zones	UTC+2 to UTC+12

Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia

See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Asia

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

Asia (ⁱ/ˈeɪʒə/ or /ˈeɪʃə/) is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately 4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly quadrupled.^[9]

Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural river, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and theCaspian and Black Seas.^[10][11] It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean.

Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity– "is more a cultural concept" incorporating diverse regions and peoples than ahomogeneous physical entity.^[12] Asia differs very widely among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems.

Flag	Name	Capital	Currency	Official language
	Abkhazia	Sukhumi De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part ofGeorgia.	Russian ruble	Georgian Abkhaz Russian
	Afghanistan	Kabul	Afghani	Pashto Dari (Persian)
	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Episkopi Cantonment	Euro	English Greek
	Armenia	Yerevan	Dram	Armenian
	Azerbaijan [Europe]	Baku	Manat	Azerbaijani
	Bahrain	Manama	Bahraini dinar	Arabic
	Bangladesh	Dhaka	Taka	Bengali
	Bhutan	Thimphu	Bhutanese ngultrum	Dzongkha
	British Indian Ocean Territory	Diego Garcia Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	US dollar UK pound	English
	Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan	Brunei dollar	Bahasa Melayu
	Cambodia	Phnom Penh	Riel	Khmer
	China	Beijing	Renminbi (yuan)	Standard Chinese
	Christmas Island	Flying Fish Cove External territory of Australia	Australian dollar	English
	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	West Island External territory of AustraliaExternal territory of Australia	Australian dollar	English
	Cyprus [Europe]	Nicosia	Euro	Greek Turkish
	East Timor (Timor-Leste)	Dili	US Dollar	Portuguese Tetum
	Georgia [Europe]	Tbilisi	Lari	Georgian
	Hong Kong	Special administrative region of China	Hong Kong dollar	English Cantonese
	India	New Delhi	Indian Rupee	Hindi English
	Indonesia	Jakarta	Rupiah	Indonesian
	Iran	Tehran	Rial	Persian
	Iraq	Baghdad	Iraqi dinar	Kurdish Arabic
	Israel	Jerusalem	New shekel	Hebrew Arabic
	Japan	Tokyo	Yen	Japanese
	Jordan	Amman	Jordanian dinar	Arabic
	Kazakhstan	Astana	Tenge	Kazakh Russian
	Kurdistan	Erbil	Dinar	Kurdish
	Kuwait	Kuwait City	Kuwaiti dinar	Arabic
	Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek	Som	Kyrgyz Russian
	Laos	Vientiane	Kip	Lao
	Lebanon	Beirut	Lebanese pound	Arabic
	Macau	Special administrative region of China	Macanese pataca	Portuguese Cantonese
	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur (official) Putrajaya (seat of government)	Ringgit	Malaysian
	Maldives	Malé	Maldivian rufiyaa	Maldivian
	Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar	Tögrög	Mongolian
	Myanmar (Burma)	Naypyidaw	Kyat	Burmese
	Nagorno-Karabakh	Stepanakert De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jurepart of Azerbaijan	Armenian dram	Armenian
	Nepal	Kathmandu	Nepalese rupee	Nepali
	Northern Cyprus	Nicosia De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nation as de jurepart of Cyprus	Turkish lira	Turkish
	North Korea	Pyongyang	North Korean won	Korean
	Oman	Muscat	Rial	Arabic
	Pakistan	Islamabad	Pakistani Rupee	English Urdu Sindhi Punjabi Saraiki Pushto Balochi Balti Kashmiri
	Palestine	East Jerusalem (claimed capital) Ramallah (West Bank seat of government) Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government) Territory occupied by Israel State of Palestine (flag displayed)proclaimed on territory	Israeli shekel	Arabic
	Philippines	Manila	Philippine Peso	Filipino English
	Qatar	Doha	Riyal	Arabic
	Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Saudi riyal	Arabic
	Singapore	Singapore	Singapore dollar	English Chinese Malay Tamil
	South Korea	Seoul	South Korean won	Korean
	South Ossetia	Tskhinvali De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jurepart of Georgia	Russian ruble	Ossetic Georgian Russian
	Sri Lanka	Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte	Sri Lankan rupee	Sinhala Tamil
	Syria	Damascus	Syrian pound	Arabic
	Taiwan	Taipei De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as part ofChina.	New Taiwan dollar	Standard Chinese
	Tajikistan	Dushanbe	Somoni	Tajik
	Thailand	Bangkok	Baht	Thai
	Turkey [Europe]	Ankara	Turkish lira	Turkish
	Turkmenistan	Ashgabat	Turkmen new manat	Turkmen
	United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	UAE dirham	Arabic
	Uzbekistan	Tashkent	Uzbekistan som (O'zbekiston so'mi)	Uzbek
	Vietnam	Hanoi	đồng	Vietnamese
	Yemen	Sana'a	Yemeni rial	Arabic	Tagalog

Notes

1. The Russian Federation is classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division. Russia is historically the successor of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a medieval state of northeastern Europe. The Russian conquest of Northern Asiabegins in the late 16th century. Today, most of the territory of Russia is in Asia, but most of its population lives in the European part.

Europe[edit]

Europe

Area	10,180,000 km2(3,930,000 sq mi)[n]
Population	739,165,030[n] (2011), 3rd)
Pop. density	72.5/km2
Countries	50 (list of countries)
Languages	List of languages
Time zones	UTC to UTC+6

Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Europe

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

Europe (ⁱ/ˈjʊərəp/ ewr-əp or /ˈjɜrəp/ yur-əp^[13]) is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural andCaucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and thewaterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.^[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, theMediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating back toclassical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporate cultural and political elements.

Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50 states,Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population.^[15]

Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.^[16] It played a predominant role in global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.^[17] Both World Wars were largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the United States andSoviet Union took prominence.^[18] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Flag	Name	Capital	Currency	Official language
	Åland Islands	Mariehamn Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by international treaty)	Euro	Swedish
	Albania	Tirana	Lek	Albanian
	Andorra	Andorra la Vella	Euro	Catalan
	Austria	Vienna	Euro	German
	Belarus	Minsk	Belarusian ruble	Belarusian Russian
	Belgium	Brussels	Euro	Dutch French German
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	Convertible mark	Bosnian Croatian Serbian
	Bulgaria	Sofia	Lev	Bulgarian
	Croatia	Zagreb	Kuna	Croatian
	Czech Republic	Prague	Czech koruna	Czech
	Denmark	Copenhagen	Danish krone[a]	Danish
	Estonia	Tallinn	Euro	Estonian
	Faroe Islands	Tórshavn Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm	Faroese króna	Faroese Danish
	Finland	Helsinki	Euro	Finnish Swedish
	France	Paris	Euro CFP franc	French
	Germany	Berlin	Euro	German
	Gibraltar	Gibraltar Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	Gibraltar pound	English
	Greece	Athens	Euro	Greek
	Guernsey	Saint Peter Port British Crown dependency	Pound sterling	English French
	Hungary	Budapest	Forint	Hungarian
	Iceland	Reykjavík	Icelandic króna	Icelandic
	Ireland	Dublin	Euro	English Irish
	Isle of Man	Douglas British Crown dependency	Pound sterling	English Manx
	Italy	Rome	Euro	Italian
	Jersey	Saint Helier British Crown dependency	Pound sterling	English French
	Kosovo	Pristina De facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN member states A United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was put in place starting in 1999.	Euro	Albanian Serbian
	Latvia	Riga	Lats	Latvian
	Liechtenstein	Vaduz	Swiss franc	German
	Lithuania	Vilnius	Lithuanian litas	Lithuanian
	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	Euro	Luxembourgish French German
	Macedonia	Skopje	Macedonian denar	Macedonian
	Malta	Valletta	Euro	Maltese English
	Moldova	Chişinău	Moldovan leu	Moldovan
	Monaco	Monaco	Euro	French
	Montenegro	Podgorica	Euro	Montenegrin
	Netherlands	Amsterdam	Euro US dollar NA guilder Aruban florin	Dutch
	Norway	Oslo	Norwegian krone	Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk
	Poland	Warsaw	Złoty	Polish
	Portugal	Lisbon	Euro	Portuguese
	Romania	Bucharest	Romanian leu	Romanian
	Russia	Moscow	Russian ruble	Russian 27 others co-official
	San Marino	San Marino	Euro	Italian
	Serbia	Belgrade	Serbian dinar	Serbian
	Slovakia	Bratislava	Euro	Slovak
	Slovenia	Ljubljana	Euro	Slovene
	Spain	Madrid	Euro	Spanish Catalan Galician Basque
	Svalbard	Longyearbyen Special territory of Norway (recognized by international treaty)	Norwegian krone	Norwegian
	Sweden	Stockholm	Swedish krona	Swedish
	Switzerland	Bern	Swiss franc	German French Italian Romansh
	Transnistria	Tiraspol De facto sovereign state lacking general international recognition Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Moldova	Transnistrian ruble	Russian Moldovan Ukrainian
	Ukraine	Kiev	Ukrainian hryvnia	Ukrainian
	United Kingdom	London	Pound sterling	English
	Vatican City	Vatican City	Euro	Italian

Notes

1. • Transcontinental countries in Europe and Asia, classified as West Asian countries by the United Nations Statistics Division:
      Azerbaijan,  Georgia,  Turkey,  Armenia.
   • In West Asia, but a member of the European Union:  Cyprus.

North America[edit]

North America

Area	24,709,000 km2(9,540,000 sq mi)
Population	528,720,588 (2008, 4th)
Pop. density	22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[b]
Countries	23 (list of countries)
Languages	List of languages
Time zones	UTC-10 to UTC

Main articles: North America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of North America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northernsubcontinent of the Americas.^[19] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million people across 23 independent states. North America is the third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Flag	Name	Capital	Currency	Official language
	Anguilla	The Valley Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Antigua and Barbuda	St. John's	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Aruba	Oranjestad Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands	Aruban florin	Papiamento Dutch
	Bahamas	Nassau	Bahamian Dollar	English
	Barbados	Bridgetown	Barbadian Dollar	English
	Belize	Belmopan	Belize Dollar	English
	Bermuda	Hamilton Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	Bermudian Dollar	English
	Bonaire	Kralendijk Special municipality of the Netherlands	United States Dollar	Dutch
	British Virgin Islands	Road Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	United States Dollar	English
	Canada	Ottawa	Canadian Dollar	French English
	Cayman Islands	George Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	Cayman Islands Dollar	English
	Clipperton Island	uninhabited Overseas territory of France	Euro	French
	Costa Rica	San José	Costa Rican colon	Spanish
	Cuba	Havana	Cuban peso	Spanish
	Curaçao	Willemstad Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands	Netherlands Antillean guilder	Papiamento Dutch
	Dominica	Roseau	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	Dominican peso	Spanish
	El Salvador	San Salvador	United States Dollar	Spanish
	Greenland	Nuuk Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm	Danish Krone	Greenlandic
	Grenada	St. George's	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Guadeloupe	Basse-Terre Overseas department of France	Euro	French
	Guatemala	Guatemala City	Guatemalan quetzal	Spanish
	Haiti	Port-au-Prince	Haitian gourde	French
	Honduras	Tegucigalpa	Honduran lempira	Spanish
	Jamaica	Kingston	Jamaican Dollar	English
	Martinique	Fort-de-France Overseas department of France	Euro	French
	Mexico	Mexico City	Mexican peso	Spanish
	Montserrat	Plymouth (official) Brades (seat of government) Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Navassa Island	- Insular area of the United States of America	United States Dollar	English
	Nicaragua	Managua	Nicaraguan cordoba	Spanish
	Panama	Panama City	United States Dollar Panamanian balboa	Spanish
	Puerto Rico	San Juan Insular area of the United States of America	United States Dollar	English Spanish
	Saba	The Bottom Special municipality of the Netherlands	United States Dollar
	Saint Barthélemy	Gustavia Overseas collectivity ofFrance	Euro	French
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Saint Lucia	Castries	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Saint Martin	Marigot Overseas collectivity ofFrance	Euro	French
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Saint-Pierre Overseas collectivity ofFrance	Euro	French
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown	East Caribbean Dollar	English
	Sint Eustatius	Oranjestad Special municipality of the Netherlands	United States Dollar
	Sint Maarten	Philipsburg Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands	Netherlands Antillean guilder
	Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain	Trinidad and Tobago Dollar	English
	Turks and Caicos Islands	Cockburn Town Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	United States Dollar	English
	United States	Washington, D.C.	United States Dollar	none
	United States Virgin Islands	Charlotte Amalie Insular area of the United States of America	United States Dollar	English

South America[edit]

South America

Area	17,840,000 km2 (6,890,000 sq mi)
Population	387,489,196 (2011, 5th)
Pop. density	21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)
Countries	12 (list of countries)
Languages	List of languages
Time zones	UTC-2 to UTC-5

Main articles: South America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of South America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.^[20][21]

It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelve sovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, andVenezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas region of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Netherlands may also be considered part of South America, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American states that border the Caribbean Sea – Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known as Caribbean South America.

South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coined in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknown to Europeans.

Flag	Name	Capital	Currency	Official language
	Argentina	Buenos Aires	Peso	Spanish
	Bolivia	Sucre (official) La Paz (seat of government)	Boliviano	Spanish Quechua Aymara
	Brazil	Brasília	Real	Portuguese
	Chile	Santiago	Peso	Spanish
	Colombia	Bogotá	Peso	Spanish
	Ecuador	Quito	United States dollar	Spanish
	Falkland Islands	Stanley Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	Falkland Islands pound	English
	French Guiana	Cayenne Overseas department of France	Euro	French
	Guyana	Georgetown	Guyanese dollar	English
	Paraguay	Asunción	Guaraní	Spanish Guaraní
	Peru	Lima	Nuevo sol	Spanish
	Suriname	Paramaribo	Surinamese dollar	Dutch
	Uruguay	Montevideo	Uruguayan peso	Spanish
	Venezuela	Caracas	Bolívar fuerte	Spanish

Oceania[edit]

Oceania

Geopolitical Oceania
Area	8,560,000 km2 (3,310,000 sq mi)
Population	38,304,000 (2013, 5th)
Pop. density	4.47 per km2 (11.57 per sq mi)
Countries	14 (list of countries)
Languages	List of languages
Time zones	UTC-2 to UTC-5

Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania

See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands

Further information: Geography of Oceania

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania with geographical data such as area, population, and population density, see here.

Australia (UK /ˌoʊʃɪˈɑːnɪə/ or /ˌoʊsɪˈɑːnɪə/;^[22] US /ˌoʊʃiːˈæniːə/)^[23] is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean.^[24] Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of theSouth Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions of Melanesia,Micronesia, and Polynesia)^[25] to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Maritime Southeast Asia.The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australiaand proximate islands,^{[26][27][28][29]} or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand^[30] or from mainland New Guinea).^[31]

Flag	Name	Capital	Currency	Official language
	American Samoa	Pago Pago Insular area of the United States of America	United States dollar	English Samoan
	Ashmore and Cartier Islands External territory of Australia	—	—
	Australia	Canberra	Australian dollar	None[c]
	Baker Island	—	Insular area of the United States of America
	Cook Islands	Avarua Self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand	New Zealand dollar Cook Islands dollar	English Cook Islands Māori
	Coral Sea Islands	—	External territory of Australia
	Fiji	Suva
	French Polynesia	Papeete Overseas collectivityof France	CFP Franc	French
	Guam	Hagåtña	Insular area of the United States of America
	Howland Island	—	Insular area of the United States of America
	Jarvis Island	—	Insular area of the United States of America
	Johnston Atoll	—	Insular area of the United States of America
	Kingman Reef	—	Insular area of the United States of America
	Kiribati	South Tarawa
	Marshall Islands	Majuro
	Micronesia	Palikir
	Midway Atoll	—	Insular area of the United States of America
	Nauru	Yaren (seat of government)
	New Caledonia	Nouméa Sui generis collectivity (special collectivity) ofFrance	CFP Franc	French
	New Zealand	Wellington	New Zealand Dollar	Maori New Zealand Sign English
	Niue	Alofi	Self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand
	Norfolk Island	Kingston	Self-governing territory of Australia
	Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan	Insular area of the United States of America
	Palau	Melekeok
	Palmyra Atoll	—	Insular area of the United States of America
	Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby
	Pitcairn Islands	Adamstown	Overseas territory of the United Kingdom
	Samoa	Apia
	Solomon Islands	Honiara
	Tokelau	Nukunonu (main settlement, although each atoll has its own administrative centre)	Dependent territory of New Zealand
	Tonga	Nukuʻalofa
	Tuvalu	Funafuti
	Vanuatu	Port Vila	Vanuatu vatu	French
	Wake Island	— Insular area of the United States of America	United States dollar
	Wallis and Futuna	Mata-Utu Overseas collectivityof France	CFP Franc	French

Antarctica[edit]

Antarctica

Area	14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi)[32]

Main article: Antarctica

Further information: Geography of Antarctica

Antarctica (ⁱ/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑrktɨkə/)^[d] is Earth's southernmostcontinent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarcticregion of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km² (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.^[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland.^[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types ofalgae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.

Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.

Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S, and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been made:

• Argentina: Argentine Antarctica
• Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory
• Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial)
• Chile: Antártica
• France: Adélie Land
• New Zealand: Ross Dependency
• Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land
• United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory
• (Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)

Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:

Flag	Name	Capital	Currency	Official Language
	Bouvet Island Dependent territory of Norway	—	—	—
	French Southern Territories	Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands) Port-aux-Français (Kerguelen Islands) Martin-de-Viviès (Saint Paul andAmsterdam Islands) Overseas territory of France	Euro	French
	Heard Island and McDonald Islands External territory of Australia	—	—	—
	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	King Edward Point Overseas territory of the United Kingdom	Pound sterling	English

See also[edit]

• List of countries and capitals in native languages
• List of national capitals
• List of currencies